Brexit, a term that means “British Exit,” refers to the departure of the UK departure from the European Union. This event not only reshaped British politics but also influenced global dynamics. In this article, we explore the origins, reasons, process, and impact of Brexit, offering a better understanding of its significance.
UK-EU Relationship
The UK joined the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973, later known as the European Union. Over the decades, the relationship between the UK and the EU became strained, driven by disagreements over sovereignty and policies.
Euroscepticism, or the skepticism of EU integration, gained traction, leading to calls for renegotiation and, eventually, a referendum in 1975. 67.2 percent of voters agreed to remain in the EEC.
The 2016 Referendum
Political tensions escalated in the years leading many years later, to 2016. Amid growing public discontent, Prime Minister David Cameron promised a referendum on EU membership. This pledge aimed to address divisions within his Conservative Party and appease voters dissatisfied with EU policies. The referendum, held on June 23, 2016, became a turning point in modern British history.
The referendum campaigns were polarizing and passionate. The Leave campaign emphasized regaining sovereignty and controlling immigration, appealing to nationalist sentiments.
Meanwhile, the Remain campaign highlighted economic stability, trade benefits, and the risks of isolation.
“The Leave campaign was divided,” described Professor Paul Whitely, from the Essex University Department of Government.
“We had the official campaign led by Boris Johnson that galvanized the part of the electorate that saw themselves as respectable and conservative,” he continued.
“Then we had the more unofficial grassroots campaign led by Nigel Farage that appeared to galvanize those that felt left behind, giving way to the populist movement,”
The 2016 UK Referendum or the Brexit Referendum asked voters if they wished the UK to either remain or leave the EU. Ultimately, the Leave side prevailed, securing 52 percent of the vote against 48 percent for Remain.
51.9 percent or 17.4 million votes were in favor of leaving the EU, while 48. percent (16.1 million votes) wished to stay with the EU. Specifically, there was strong “leave the EU” sentiment in New England and Wales, while voters in Scotland and Northern Ireland wished to remain with the EU.
UK Votes to Leave
Several factors influenced the Leave vote. Firstly, economic concerns were paramount. Many voters believed EU membership required excessive financial contributions, arguing that these funds could benefit domestic priorities. Secondly, sovereignty was a significant issue. Critics felt EU laws undermined the UK’s legislative independence.
Additionally, immigration concerns fueled public dissatisfaction. EU rules on free movement led to increased migration, which some associated with pressure on public services.
Misinformation also played a role, with campaign promises—like redirecting GBP 350 million worth of weekly funds to the National Health Service (NHS)—proving misleading.
The UK Statistics Authority called the figure “misleading” and a poor representation of the UK’s financial ties with the EU. Specifically, the claim did not take into rebate which was given to the United Kingdom. The actual amount was closer to GBP 250 million a week.
Professor Whitely also pointed out that the UK did not experience a significant economic boost after joining the EU in 1973.
“Although we appreciate the difference between joining and leaving, we think that if joining the EU didn’t make much of a difference to our economic growth, leaving shouldn’t be as bad as we’re being told,” he expressed.
Together, these factors created a strong case for leaving the EU.
The Withdrawal Process
After the referendum, the UK began its withdrawal process under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty. Article 50, which came into force in 2009, outlines the legal process for a member state to voluntarily leave the European Union.
There are three key provisions under Article 50. Namely, a member state must notify the EU of its intention to leave, and a withdrawal agreement must then be negotiated, covering departure and future relations terms. Lastly, the process must be completed within two years from notification. This process can be extended if ll member states agree to extend the period.
This formalized the departure and initiated negotiations between the UK and EU. Talks focused on trade agreements, citizens’ rights, and border arrangements, particularly regarding Northern Ireland. The process faced delays and political turmoil, including two changes in prime ministerial leadership.
The UK officially left the EU on January 31, 2020. However, a transition period followed, allowing both sides to adjust and finalize agreements. This period ended on December 31, 2020, with a new trade deal shaping future relations.
Impact on the UK
Brexit’s impact has been profound and multifaceted. Economically, the UK faced challenges, including disruptions to trade and reduced investment from EU countries. According to the London School of Economics, exports of UK goods to the EU dropped by 6.4 percent in 2022.
In addition, businesses also had to navigate new customs procedures, causing delays and increased costs. New trade barriers hurt small businesses the most, causing 14 percent stopping their exports to the EU.Due to Brexit, the UK had to leave the European Single Market or the Internal Market. The UK’s departure brought about new trade barriers with the EU, as well as a decline in trade volumes with the EU. Consumers in the EU pay an average of 17 percent more above the world’s food prices.
Moreover, the United Kingdom has experienced the slowest rate of growth compared to other G7 countries. These are comprised of the United States, the UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, and Japan.
Politically, Brexit reshaped the UK’s internal and external landscape. Domestically, it highlighted divisions among regions and political groups. Internationally, the UK had to redefine relationships, negotiating trade deals independently. Socially, Brexit altered the lives of millions, particularly EU nationals living in the UK and British citizens residing in the EU.
On the social front, Brexit has led to a decline in immigration from EU member states. As a result, it has affected various sectors such as healthcare, higher education, and agriculture.
The Northern Island Protocol
Today, the UK-EU relationship continues to evolve. Both sides are working to resolve ongoing issues, such as the Northern Ireland Protocol. This framework addresses issues that transpired as a result of Brexit, particularly pertaining to the Irish border. The protocol also aims to prevent a hard border on Ireland, and it adheres to the 1998 Good Friday Agreement.
The Good Friday Agreement, also known as the Belfast Agreement, is a peace deal that was signed on April 10, 1998. It strived to end many years of unrest in Northern Ireland, or “The Troubles,” which persisted between unionists/loyalists and nationalists/republicans.
Because of Brexit, businesses in Great Britain and Northern Island need to face increased documentation and customs declarations requirements to move goods.
Future Outlook
Looking ahead, Brexit’s long-term effects remain uncertain. While supporters project a prosperous, independent UK, critics have warned of continued economic and political challenges.
Overall, Brexit reflected deep societal and political divides. It demonstrated the complexities of balancing national sovereignty with global cooperation. As the UK functions outside the EU, its decisions will shape its future and offer lessons for other nations.
Photo by Sandro Cenni on Unsplash
